12.8. OOP Init Setattr¶
It's a first method run after object is initiated
All classes has default
__init__()
- constructor¶
Method called at object instantiation used to create object. Constructor is called on not fully initialized object and hence do not have access to object methods. Constructor should return
None.- initializer¶
Method called at object instantiation used to fill empty object with values. Initializer is called upon object initialization and hence can modify object and use its methods. Initializer should return
None.
12.8.1. Syntax¶
>>> class MyClass:
... myattribute: str
...
... def __init__(self, myvar):
... self.myattribute = myvar
>>>
>>>
>>> myobj = MyClass('myvalue')
>>>
>>> print(myobj.myattribute)
myvalue
12.8.2. Constant Attributes¶
>>> class Astronaut:
... def __init__(self):
... self.firstname = 'Mark'
... self.lastname = 'Watney'
>>>
>>>
>>> mark = Astronaut()
>>> melissa = Astronaut()
>>>
>>> vars(mark)
{'firstname': 'Mark', 'lastname': 'Watney'}
>>>
>>> vars(melissa)
{'firstname': 'Mark', 'lastname': 'Watney'}
12.8.3. Variable Attributes¶
>>> class Astronaut:
... def __init__(self, a, b):
... self.firstname = a
... self.lastname = b
>>>
>>>
>>> mark = Astronaut('Mark', 'Watney')
>>> vars(mark)
{'firstname': 'Mark', 'lastname': 'Watney'}
>>>
>>> melissa = Astronaut(a='Melissa', b='Lewis')
>>> vars(melissa)
{'firstname': 'Melissa', 'lastname': 'Lewis'}
12.8.4. Better Names¶
>>> class Astronaut:
... def __init__(self, firstname, lastname):
... self.firstname = firstname
... self.lastname = lastname
>>>
>>>
>>> mark = Astronaut('Mark', 'Watney')
>>> vars(mark)
{'firstname': 'Mark', 'lastname': 'Watney'}
>>>
>>> melissa = Astronaut(firstname='Melissa', lastname='Lewis')
>>> vars(melissa)
{'firstname': 'Melissa', 'lastname': 'Lewis'}
12.8.5. Combine Attributes¶
>>> class Astronaut:
... def __init__(self, firstname, lastname):
... self.name = f'{firstname} {lastname}'
>>>
>>>
>>> mark = Astronaut('Mark', 'Watney')
>>>
>>> print(mark.name)
Mark Watney
>>>
>>> print(mark.firstname)
Traceback (most recent call last):
AttributeError: 'Astronaut' object has no attribute 'firstname'
>>>
>>> print(mark.lastname)
Traceback (most recent call last):
AttributeError: 'Astronaut' object has no attribute 'lastname'
12.8.6. Example¶
>>> class Point:
... def __init__(self, x, y, z=0):
... self.x = x
... self.y = y
... self.z = z
>>>
>>>
>>> p1 = Point(10, 20)
>>> p2 = Point(x=10, y=20)
>>> p3 = Point(10, 20, 30)
>>> p4 = Point(10, 20, z=30)
>>> p5 = Point(x=10, y=20, z=30)
12.8.7. Use Case - 0x01¶
>>> class Iris:
... def __init__(self, sepal_length, sepal_width,
... petal_length, petal_width, species):
... self.sepal_length = sepal_length
... self.sepal_width = sepal_width
... self.petal_length = petal_length
... self.petal_width = petal_width
... self.species = species
>>>
>>>
>>> setosa = Iris(5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa')
12.8.8. Use Case - 0x02¶
>>> class Iris:
... def __init__(self, sepal_length, sepal_width,
... petal_length, petal_width, species):
... self.sepal_length = sepal_length
... self.sepal_width = sepal_width
... self.petal_length = petal_length
... self.petal_width = petal_width
... self.species = species
>>>
>>>
>>> virginica = Iris(
... sepal_length=5.8,
... sepal_width=2.7,
... petal_length=5.1,
... petal_width=1.9,
... species='virginica')
12.8.9. Use Case - 0x03¶
Dataclasses
Since Python 3.7: there is a @dataclass decorator, which automatically
generates __init__() arguments and fields. More information in
OOP Dataclass.
>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>>
>>>
>>> @dataclass
... class Iris:
... sepal_length: float
... sepal_width: float
... petal_length: float
... petal_width: float
... species: str = 'Iris'
>>>
>>>
>>> virginica = Iris(
... sepal_length=5.8,
... sepal_width=2.7,
... petal_length=5.1,
... petal_width=1.9,
... species='virginica')
>>>
>>> vars(virginica)
{'sepal_length': 5.8,
'sepal_width': 2.7,
'petal_length': 5.1,
'petal_width': 1.9,
'species': 'virginica'}